过去分词（past participle）是分词的一种。分词又分为现在分词和过去分词，它们都是非谓语动词，在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语，状语），并且它们具有动词的性质，所以又是类动词的一种。

过去分词一面具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语；另一面具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语，定语，状语，补足语，与逻辑主语之间是被动关系，表示完成的动作。下面就来看看过去分词可以充当谓语吗？为什么过去分词不能做主语？一起来看看吧。

定义：我们把在句子中充当除谓语动词以外的动词形式称作非谓语动词。

分类：动名词(doing)，不定式(to do)，过去分词(done)，不能作谓语，却在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。

非谓语动词产生的原因：英语中，一句话里面，若无连词，有且只有一个谓语动词。若要有两个动词，只能是一个谓语，一个非谓语。

一、表现形式

考点分析

1、非谓语作主语、谓语动词用单数；

doing 和to do 可作主语，但含义不同；

doing作主语往往表示一种习惯性经常性的动作；

to do 作主语却表示一次性的动作；

当doing和to作主语太长时可用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。

【例】Painting is his hobby. 绘画是他的爱好。

It is no use waiting here.在这儿等是没用的。

固定句型：it is no use /useless doing sthit is no good doing sthit is a waste of time/money doing sthit is worthwhile doing sth.

2、to do 作主语动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后。

【例】To finish the work in ten minutes is very hardIt is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

固定句型it is+形容词+ to do sth.

表示主观的形容词：important、hard、easy等。

it takes/took sb +time/money+to do sth.

it is +形容词+of sb+to do sth表示人品质的形容词：good、clever、nice等。

二、to do 作宾语下列动词只能跟to do 作宾语

hopewish，manage，fail，afford，arrange，ask，agree，aim，beg，decide，demand，happen，long，offer，pretend，pretend，prepare，plan等

三、既可跟doing也可跟to do 的情况

stop doing sth 表示停止做正在做的事儿

stop to do sth 表示停止做某事去做另一件事儿

forget doing 忘记做过某事

forget to do 忘记要做某事

remember doing 记得做过某事

remember to do 记得去做某事

regret doing 对做过的事儿感到遗憾，后悔

regret to do 对将要做的事儿表示遗憾

can’t help to do sth 无能为力做某事

can’t help doing sth 情不自禁做某事

go on to do sth 继续做另外一件事

go on doing sth 继续做同一件事

非谓语动词作宾语

宾语可分作两类，动词宾语和介词短语。非谓语动词中，to do 和doing做宾语。有些动词后面只能跟doing作宾语，有些动词后只能跟to do 作宾语，而有的动词既可以跟to do 也可跟doing做宾语，但含义不同。下面我们一一详解。

1、doing作宾语

1.下列动词只能跟doing作宾语：avoid，miss，delay，suggest、advise，finish，practice，enjoy、appreciate，imagine，fancy，can’t help，admit，allow，deny，envy，escape，risk，excuse，stand，keep，mind.

doing的复合结构：否定：not doing被动：being done表示动作发出者：形容词性物主代词+doing

【例】would you mind turning down your radio a little，please?你把收音机音量调小一点可以吗?

2、介词后面若跟动词，只能跟其doing形式。而英语中to这个词很特殊，to多用于动词不定式，同时还可作介词，作介词的情况比较少。

下列词组中to是介词。confess to、object to、be accustomed to、be used to、stick to、turn to、look forward to、be devoted to、pay attention to、contribute to、devote oneself to、when it comes to

【例】we object to carrying out the plan

3、介词in经常被省略的几种情况have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sthspend money/time (in) doing sthbe busy (in) doing sthlose no time (in) doing sth

非谓语作后置定语

形式：doing(主动进行)to do (主动将来 )being done(被动进行)to be done(将来被动)done(完成被动)

【例】the last students to leave the room remembers to turn off all the light.最后离开教室的同学把灯关掉。

非谓语作补语

1、非谓语作宾补常见的接带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：tell，ask，want，teach，allow，expect，get，demand，request，invite，love，hate，like，would like等

【例】my mother often tells me to study hard at school.

我妈妈经常告诉我在学校要努力学习。

下面的表示感觉的动词feel，find，hear，listen to，look at，see，watch，observe，notice以上动词的宾补有三种形式：do(主动，表示动作全过程)doing(主动，表示动作的部分过程)done(被动)

使役动词的用法比较特殊：let/make/have “使….让….”后面跟宾语时，宾补可以是：do(表示主动)done(表示被动)

2、非谓语作主补be said /reported/believed/thought to do sth(未发生)be said /reported/believed/thought to have done sth(已经发生)

非谓语作状语时：having done和having been done 强调非谓语先于主句谓语发生doing和having done 表示主动done和having been done表示被动to do 表示目的

【例】To finish so much work in such a short time，he had to stay up all the night.

为了在短时间内完成这么多工作，他不得不熬一整夜

补充说明

1、省去to的不定式would rather do sth 宁愿做某事

had better do sth最好做某事

why/why not do sth为什么做/为什么不做某事

help 后可带可不带tobut和except后，but和except前面有实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to，即“有do无to，无do有to”

2、带to的不定式不定式的特殊句型：too…to do sth…太…而不能………enough to do sth….足够…而能够….

3、主动表被动的情况sth need/want/require doing sthsth be worth doing

4、分词做插入语，其结构是固定搭配Generally speaking 一般来说

Talking of /speaking of 说道

例题及十大解题原则

非谓语动词主要包括to do, -ing和-ed三种形式，可是其用法非常广泛，它不仅是单项选择题测试的一个重点，而且也是完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错的重要考查内容。为了能更好地掌握非谓语动词的用法，小库总结出十条实用的解题原则，并且还用相关的题目来解释这些原则。根据这些原则，相信同学们可以轻松地应对非谓语动词。

原则一、两个句子必须要用连词连接，如果没有连词连接，则需要用非谓语动词

例1. _________ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.

A. Having been told B. Having told

C. He had been told D. Though he had been told

例2．_________ many times, he still couldn’t understand it.

A. Having been told B. Having told

C. He had been told D. Though he had told

解析：例1中有连词but连接，表明前后都是句子，所以答案为C。

例2中后面是一个句子，而且没有连词，所以前面不是句子，应该用非谓语动词，根据句意此处为被动，所以答案为A。

原则二、不及物动词无-ed形式非谓语动词，及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式，无宾语时用-ed形式

例3. ____________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.

A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing

解析：lose为及物动词，现在后面没有宾语，所以用-ed形式，答案为B。

例4. __________, I really believe that I’d prefer not to make any change now.

A. Considered all the possibilities

B. Taking all the possibilities into consideration

C. Taken all the possibilities into consideration

D. Giving all the possibilities

解析：把。。。考虑进来结构为take sth into consideration，现在take后面有宾语all the possibilities，所以用-ing形式，答案为B。

原则三、being done 表示正在被，一般不作状语，只作定语。非谓语动词的完成时形式to have done或having done强调该动作发生在句子谓语动词之前

例5. __ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.

A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed

解析：根据句意我们没有打通电话，就给他们发了个邮件，没有打通电话应该发生在发邮件之前，所以用having done，答案为D。

例6. Tim Bemers-Lee is generally considered _____ the World Wide Web, on which all the information is shared by all.

A. to have founded B. having founded

C. founding D. to found

解析：根据句意，Tim Bemers-Lee创立万维网应该是过去的事情，而且be considered后面应该用动词不定式，所以应该用to have done，答案为A。

原则四、非谓语动词作定语时，表示将来用-to do，表正在进行用-ing，表示已经完成用-ed

例7. The play_____ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture．

A．produced B．being produced

C．to be produced D．having been produced

解析：根据本题中的时间状语next month，可知the play将要于下月被创作出来，表将来应该用to do，所以答案为C。

例8.The trees _____ in the storm have been moved off the road.

A. being blown down B. blown down

C. blowing down D. to blow down

解析：根据句意被暴风雨刮倒的树已经从路上移走了，树被刮倒是过去已经完成的动作，表已经完成用-ed形式，所以答案为B。

原则五、介词后跟-ing形式，可以在-ing前加逻辑主语

例9. The discovery of new evidence led to ______________.

A. the thief having been caught B. the thief to be caught

C. catch the thief D. the thief being caught

解析：本题led to中的to是介词，后面应该用-ing形式，the thief作-ing的逻辑主语，所以答案为D。

例10. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ____ could be heard outside the classroom.

A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed

C. being opened and closed D. to open and close

解析：本题the noise of中的of是介词，后面应该用-ing形式，desks作-ing的逻辑主语，所以答案为C。

原则六、-ing形式或to do可作主语或宾语，-ed形式则不可以

例11. ___________ in a heavy traffic jam is quite an unpleasant experience.

A. Caught B. Having caught C. Being caught D. To catch

解析：本题中is为系动词，前面应该作主语，用-ing形式，所以答案为C。

例12 ___twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.

A. Examining B. Examined

C. Being examined D. Having been examined

解析：本题中is为系动词，前面应该作主语，用-ing形式，所以答案为C。

原则七、be+-ed+介词结构常可把be去掉保留-ed+介词做状语

例13Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, ______with his old one.

A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. compared

解析：和。。。相比较结构为be compared with，现在做句子的状语，所以只保留非谓语动词，把动词be去掉，答案为D。

例14 _______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.

A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing

解析：面对结构为be faced with, 现在做句子的状语，所以只保留非谓语动词，把动词be去掉，答案为C。

原则八、非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致，和句子主语构成主谓关系时用-ing形式，构成动宾关系是用-ed形式。其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，要在非谓语动词前加逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构

例15． ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.

A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten

解析：本题考查非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语应和句子主语the postman一致，the postman应该是被咬，所以答案为B。

例16._______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.

A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked

解析：本题考查非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语应和句子主语he一致, he 和walk应该是主动关系，所以答案为B。

例17. While watching television, __________.

A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings

解析：根据非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致的原则，watching的逻辑主语应和后面句子主语一致，所以句子主语应为we，答案为C。

例18. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day.

A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished

解析：本题没有连词，所以后面应用非谓语动词，the lessons是非谓语动词的逻辑主语，和非谓语动词构成独立主格结构。根据句意应是被完成，所以答案为B。

原则九、不定式做状语一般有两种：目的状语和出乎意料的结果状语（表示顺其自然的结果用-ing形式）。另外，某些形容词（表喜、怒、哀、乐）做表语后跟不定式可以表示原因

例19．_____, you need to give all you have and try your best.

A. Being a winner B. To be a winner

C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner

解析：根据句意要想成为获胜者，你要付出所有，尽最大努力，此处表目的，所以答案为B。

例20. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _______ the film stars had left.

A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

解析：本句句意为记者们匆匆赶到机场，却被告知明星们已经走了，表出乎意料的结果常常用only to do，所以答案为B。

例21. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, ________ in the natural light during the day.

A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let

解析：本题句意为玻璃门替换了木头门，自然光就进来了，自然光进来时顺其自然的结果，所以用doing, 答案为B。

例22.How glad I am ___________ you!

A. seeing B. to see C. saw D. having seen

解析：本题是I am glad to see you 的感叹句形式，to see you 是原因状语，答案为B。

原则十、 非谓语动词的否定原则是在非谓语动词前加not，有not to do, not doing, not having done, not to have done几种形式

例23______that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.

A. Not realized B. Not to realize

C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized

解析：本题考查doing的否定形式not doing，答案为 C。

例24. What worried him most was ______ to visit his sick child.

A. his being not allowed B. his not being allowed

C. his not allowing D. having not been allowed

解析：本题考查being done的否定形式not being done; his 为not being done的逻辑主语，所以答案为B。

例25. Sarah has decided ________ away on holiday this summer.

A. don’t go B. to not go C. not going D. not to go

解析：本题考查to do的否定形式not to do, 所以答案为D。